统计研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3): 126-138.doi: 10.19343/j.cnki.11–1302/c.2023.03.010

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机器人应用与劳动力就业:替代还是互补?——基于22个经济体数据的经验分析

郑丽琳 刘东升   

  • 出版日期:2023-03-25 发布日期:2023-03-25

Robot Application and Labor Force Employment, Substitution or Complementation: Evidence Analysis Based on Data from 22 Economies

Zheng Lilin Liu Dongsheng   

  • Online:2023-03-25 Published:2023-03-25

摘要: 机器人技术的兴起给劳动力就业市场带来了巨大的不确定性。本文基于2008—2019年22个经济体分行业数据,探究机器人应用对劳动力就业的影响效应。结果表明:从整体上看,机器人应用对劳动力就业产生互补效应,以经济水平、人口特征的分组回归均支持这一结论;分行业看,机器人应用对劳动力就业的影响效应差异明显。进一步研究表明,机器人使用程度是决定机器人应用对就业影响效应的关键因素,机器人使用程度低的经济体中互补效应占主导,机器人使用程度高的经济体中替代效应占主导。此外,机器人应用存在明显的溢出效应:一方面,机器人应用会对劳动力就业产生由第一产业向第二、第三产业的正向挤出效应和逆向虹吸效应;另一方面,机器人应用还会通过全球价值链的传导效应对价值链上下游经济体的劳动力就业产生异质性影响。本文结论为在“稳就业”背景下合理制定人工智能发展规划提供了一定的实践启示。

关键词: 机器人, 劳动力就业, 替代效应, 互补效应

Abstract: The rise of robotics has brought great uncertainty to the labor market. Based on the sectoral data for 22 economies from 2008 to 2019, this paper explores the impact of robot application on labor employment. The results show that overall, robot application will have complementary effects on labor employment, and the group regression by economic level and population characteristics supports this conclusion, while the effect of robot application on labor employment is significantly different by industry. Further research shows that the degree of robot use is the key factor that determines the effect of robot application on employment, with complementary effects dominating in economies with low robot using and substitution effects dominating in economies with high robot using. In addition, there are obvious spillover effects in robotic application: on the one hand, robot application will have a positive crowding effect and a reverse siphon effect from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries for labor employment; on the other hand, robot application will also have heterogeneous effects on the labor employment of economies in the upstream and downstream of the value chain through the conduction effect of the GVC. The conclusions of this paper provide some practical enlightenment for the rational formulation of artificial intelligence development plans under the background of “steady employment”.

Key words: Robots, Labor Employment, Substitution Effect, Complementation Effect